- Screen Colours:
- Normal
- Black & Yellow
originally posted on 3rd October, 2016: These articles were researched and produced by Roger Horton, a former owner and resident of The Mill.
A similar, much shorter, article can be seen at http://www.oldmillsnape.co.uk/thebrittenyears.shtml.
Incidentally, there is an excellent article about Benjamin Britten's life at https://peoplepill.com/people/benjamin-britten/.
A BRIEF HISTORY
Old Mill, Snape | c.1907 from The Terrace |
A mill has stood on this site since at least 1688 and possibly considerably longer, certainly the high ground overlooking the river catches the wind to provide ample amounts of motive power. This particular post mill with brick roundhouse and wooden sails was constructed in 1797/8 by Thomas Butcher of Wickham Market for William Ship and John Hunt of nearby Parham at a cost of £210/0/0. It seems William Ship died in the very early 1800’s, because all the remaining documents are in the name of Mary Ship and bear her mark in the form of a cross, until she disappears from the documentation in 1855. Following this short history is a list of the documents still surviving which includes leases, sub-leases and mortgages (in those days arranged from private individuals and formalised at the Courts Baron for the Manor of Snape). There are also some receipted solicitors’ invoices from the late 1800’s when the daily fee seemed to be around two to three guineas, and the railway fare from Saxmundham to Wenhaston 2/6d — this would have been travelled partly on the old Southwold Railway, closed in 1929.
The modest miller’s cottage and granary were constructed at the same time, and a Norwich Union fire insurance policy exists dated 1801 which insures the windmill, working gear, granary, stock and “his new dwelling house and chattels” at £550/0/0 for an annual premium of one guinea! Interestingly, another policy dated 1884, when additional buildings had been constructed, shows a sum insured of £500/0/0 for an annual premium of £1/16/4. Negative building cost inflation in those days it seems!
The mill worked through various owners producing fine white flour and, in the middle of the 19th century, was also used for the grinding of coprolite, a phosphate rich material found under the abundant crag deposits locally, to produce an artificial manure. The material was discovered by Edward Packard, a Saxmundham chemist, who subsequently built his own mill near Ipswich and went on to become a founder member of Fisons. In 1897 the mill was purchased by Harry Hudson from the widow of Joseph Lee. He worked the mill until he sold it in 1925 and, since that time, it was known as Hudson’s Mill.
Susan and Harry Hudson at "Riverview", 9 The Terrace |
The mill during demolition |
distant view from across the fields in Gromford Lane |
There were two other mills in Snape, Markin's Mill (shown left), with an open trestle bottom and cloth sails, ... producing brown flour, built in 1800 and demolished in 1922 — and a smaller cloth-sail mill ... used for turning a wood lathe. [This latter was known as the Turning Mill, demolished c.1828, and is listed on a Suffolk windmills website at Grid Reference TM 403 584, placing the site behind "Snape Cottage", which is beyond Foxes Corner. The more recent Markin's Mill was situated at what is now "The Stables" off Priory Road, formerly known as Sandy Lane — it is still shown on the 1950s Ordnance Survey 1" map (see foot of this webpage), although it had been demolished two or three decades before.]
With competition from mechanised roller mills increasing, the traditional millers were finding life difficult and, it seems, in common with many other windmills, the sails were removed and an oil engine was installed to provide more constant motive power to drive the stones. This was not sufficient to save the mill and grinding ceased in 1933. The buck was later dismantled by John Brown of Leiston but the stones were stored in the roundhouse until 1936, when the runner (upper) stone was taken to Saxtead Mill — this mill is preserved by English Heritage and is open to the public.
In 1937, the mill and outbuildings were purchased by Benjamin Britten and converted into a house. [He] moved to Aldeburgh in 1947, and let The Old Mill initially to a Mrs June Billows for a monthly rent of £8/6/8. Other tenants resided in the property until 1955, when Britten sold it to Mr and Mrs Philip Terry as a holiday home. Mr Terry was a solicitor with a London firm, while Mrs Phylis Terry, née Whiteman, was an artist who illustrated children’s books. Up until 1970, the Old Mill was used as a holiday home or let to various people including some teachers stationed at the nearby American air force base, RAF Bentwaters. The Terrys retired to permanent occupation in 1970, until Mrs Terry died in 1998 after surviving her husband by some eight years. The Old Mill was purchased in August 1999 by Jane and Roger Horton and very extensive renovations and refurbishment were carried out.
The original plans for Britten’s conversion show a weathervane on the central post. This was never fitted until the Hortons commissioned Peggs of Aldeburgh to make the weathervane shown, depicting the Mill with the sails in the form of musical bars and notes denoting the two past uses of the building.
BRITTEN YEARS AT THE OLD MILL
The Windmill ceased working around 1933 and was purchased by Benjamin Britten in September 1937 for the grand sum of £450, using a £2000 legacy from his Mother who had died earlier in the year. The sails, buck and working gear had already been removed and the three foot six inch diameter runner (upper revolving stone) was taken to Saxtead Green Mill to replace the four-foot four-inch diameter stone there, in order to lighten the load.
Luckily, Britten’s sister’s future father-in-law was an architect, Arthur Welford who lived at nearby Peasenhall Hall, and he offered to design the conversion free of charge to assist the young composer. The main requirement was for a large working studio which was accommodated on the ground floor of the existing roundhouse. With the prominent position on the hill and magnificent southerly aspect over the village, the tidal river and the working maltings, the roof was raised to provide a bedroom with a recessed balcony and window traversing one third of the circumference to take advantage of the view. The existing single-storey cottage formed a kitchen, living-room and two further bedrooms, whilst the adjoining granary was converted into another studio for Britten’s fellow composer, Lennox Berkeley (1903-1989). The two had become firm friends since meeting in Barcelona in 1936. The rent from Berkeley assisted with the finances. The roundhouse and cottages were linked by a timber-framed single-storey extension, housing a boiler room, fuel store, bathroom and shower room.
Although open fires were constructed in the principal rooms, the architect advised central heating also be installed throughout, and the original cast iron radiators have been refitted in the recent refurbishment. Britten was certainly ahead of his time in having a shower installed in 1937 in England. Works were complete at the end of April 1938, and the composer moved in to “this quaint old village”, as he described Snape in a letter to a friend.
A feature on the conversion of The Old Mill appeared in the December 1947 edition of Ideal Homes magazine. Setting aside the journalistic inaccuracies regarding the building, there are some fascinating photographs showing the rooms with the original furnishings including “an unadorned chaff sieve mounted on a pedestal [that] could hardly be bettered as a letter tray”.
Once ensconced in his new home, Britten entertained many of his artistic friends, including Peter Pears, Wystan Auden and the American composer Aaron Copland who describes his visit in the book “Tribute to Benjamin Britten on his Fiftieth Birthday”, published by Faber in 1963. Britten’s sister Beth had married Kit Welford, a medical student, in January 1938 and they also made their home at The Old Mill when not in London.
In May 1939, Britten and Peter Pears followed the example of W H Auden and left England for America where he continued composing, spending most of his time in Amityville. The Norwich Union insurance policy for the Old Mill and contents dated 1940 is endorsed “The Insured is at present residing in the United States of America”. In late 1941 the decision was made to return to England but, being wartime, a passage across the Atlantic could not be obtained until March 1942 in a small Swedish cargo ship. Britten used the month-long crossing to compose “Hymn to St Cecilia” and “A Ceremony of Carols” — the current CD cover of the latter shows Britten on the balcony at The Old Mill.
Once returned to England, Britten was accepted as a conscientious objector and appeared at wartime concerts as a pianist all over Britain and continued composing. He had been considering basing an opera on George Crabbe’s poem “The Borough”, but the complexity of the composition would rule out any other work and therefore income for a considerable length of time. The conducter Serge Koussevitzky was sufficiently interested in the project to donate $1000 from his Music Foundation for the opera. Thus “Peter Grimes” was begun in January 1944, completed in February 1945 and was first performed on 7th June 1945 in the newly re-opened Sadler’s Wells Theatre, with Peter Pears in the lead role.
Other important works composed during Britten’s time at The Old Mill include “The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra”, the opera “The Rape of Lucretia” and the comic opera “Albert Herring”.
In 1947, Britten moved from The Old Mill Snape to Crag House, Crabbe Street, Aldeburgh from where he, with other friends, established the Aldeburgh Festival in 1948. He continued to own The Old Mill, letting to tenants until 1955, when it was sold to Mr and Mrs Philip Terry as a holiday home. During his residence at The Old Mill, Britten’s success was demonstrated by his transport, the second hand Morris Eight that he and friends used to trundle around the Suffolk countryside when he first moved in had been exchanged for a Rolls-Royce.
During the latter part of its working life, the mill had been known as Hudson’s Mill, after Harry Hudson who purchased it in 1897. By coincidence, Britten’s housekeeper at the Red House in Aldeburgh was a Miss Hudson, who was Harry Hudson’s niece.
Twenty years after his departure from The Old Mill, Britten saw the opening of the new concert hall home for the Aldeburgh Festival in the maltings complex that he used to look out on from his bedroom. As with his former home, changing economic and commercial circumstances had forced the maltings to cease operating, but the lovely old building had been found a new use, in this case as a world famous musical venue.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Benjamin Britten his life and operas, Eric Walter White, Faber 2nd Edition 1983
Letters From A Life, edited by Donald Mitchell and Philip Reed, Faber 1991
My Brother Benjamin, Beth Britten (Welford) Bourne End/Kensal Press 1987
The Beloved Coast and Suffolk Sandlings, R A Whitehead, Terence Dalton 1991
Also with thanks to the staff at the Britten-Pears Library [The Britten-Pears Foundation has an excellent display about The Old Mill in the Gallery at The Red House in Aldeburgh. This was Britten's subsequent home (after Crag House) from 1957 until his death in 1976, and is now open to the public as the setting for an archive of his work, for exhibition spaces, and as a centre for music research. For further information, visit https://brittenpears.org/visit/whats-here/ .]
The Old Mill just prior to conversion
Part of Arthur Welford’s original plan,
still with the Old Mill today
April 1938, nearing completion
Britten composing at The Mill
Outside the Mill with the Rolls-Royce
Commemorative plaque fitted in 1986
The Old Mill from The Terrace | The Old Mill as a building site | Britten in the back garden |
HISTORIC DOCUMENTS SURVIVING
These are placed in the Suffolk Record Office
18th March 1797: Indenture, Lease 30 perches of land for 99 years from 10th October 1797 @ £2 10s 0d per annum. Mr Philip Fenton to Mr William Ship and Mr John Hunt.
5th January 1831: Copy admission of William Hurren
1833: Abstract of title, Mr William Hurren, copyholder. Lists occupiers back to pre-1732
1835: Abstract of title, exors late William Hurren Esq.
7th January 1836: Bond as collateral security for £500, Mary Ship and others to Mr William Wainwright.
7th January 1836: Bargain and sale of copyhold land and hereditaments and assignment of a windmill. Mr Davy Hurren and Mr Isaac Backett to Mrs Mary Ship
7th January 1836: Deed of covenant, surrender of copyhold land and assignment of a windmill to secure £500. Mrs Mary Ship to Mr William Wainwright and Mr Thomas Grimwood.
9th January 1836: Admission of Mary Ship.
16th January 1836: Conditional Surrender of copyhold land, Mary Ship to William Wainwright and Thomas Grimwood.
28th October 1847: Acknowledgement of satisfaction William Wainwright to Mary Ship
28th October 1847: Conditional surrender copyhold land, Mary Ship to Frederick Steele.
28th October 1847: Deed of covenant, conditional surrender and assignment Mary Ship to Frederick Steele.
7th August 1851: Assignment of £300 and securities, Frederick Steele and another to Mrs Susan Wooly
15th October 1855: Deed of Covenant and absolute surrender and assignment of windmill Mary Ship and others to John Chenery.
15th October 1855: Absolute surrender, Mary Ship to John Chenery.
15th December 1855: Admission of Mr John Chenery.
16th February 1872: Abstract of Title on sale to WS Kett
27th February 1872: Requisition of Title, questions and answers – John Read, purchaser’s solicitor.
20th March 1872: Memorandum regarding dispute over land and a fowl house William Scarff Kett and Abraham Abbott (settled for £1!!)
3rd April 1872: Conveyance of copyhold and windmill, Mrs H Chenery to Mr William Scarff Kett.
12th June 1872: Admission of Mr William Scarff Kett.
3rd October 1872: Mortgage securing £300 @ 5% William Scarff Kett to Mr John Read.
18th October 1882: Deed Of Covenant for sale William Scarff Kett to Joseph Lee for £500.
16th July 1891: Deed Of Covenant for securing £400 @ 4.5% Harry Hudson to Mrs Charlotte Garrett.
9th October 1891: Covenant for sale of copyhold and windmill Mrs Emma Jane Lee to Harry Hudson
11th September 1891: Abstract of Title exors Joseph Lee.
21st October 1891: Admission of Harry Hudson
11th & 27th January 1892: Conditional Surrender W S Kett and Mary Elizabeth Kett, Harry and Susannah Rebecca Hudson to Mrs Charlotte Garrett in the sum of £400.
13th January 1892: Solicitor’s receipted bill for Conditional Surrender above. Southwell and Fry £6/0/2, Mayhew and Sons £1 16s 4d
20th May 1897: Solicitor’s receipted bill Geo Lyus and Son to exors Mrs Charlotte Garrett re Hudson’s mortgage, £2 2s 0d
17th May 1897: Acknowledgement of satisfaction conditional surrender January 1892, Exors Mrs Charlotte Garrett to Hudson and Kett.
20th September 1897: Deed of Enfranchisement copyhold and windmill Lord Hylton and others to W S Kett.
20th September 1897: Ditto Lord Hylton and others to Harry Hudson.
5th October 1897: Receipts from Mayhew and Sons for above, W S Kett £77 4s 6d, Harry Hudson £12 14s 0d.
1st April 1921: Conveyance of land etc Harry Hudson to Mr F J Wilson for £600.
2nd April 1921: Mortgage £200 F J Wilson to Harry Hudson.
12th August 1925: Statutory Declaration of Harry Hudson.
12th August 1925: Conveyance Harry Hudson to E W and W H Self for £400
18th August 1925: Conveyance E W and W H Self to E A and B J Barnes for £480.
19th August 1925: Mortgage E A and B J Barnes to E W Self £380.
31st July 1937: Abstract of Title Bertie John Barnes.
8th September 1937: Statutory Declaration of Bertie John Barnes.
8th September 1937: Conveyance B J Barnes to E B Britten for £450.
1st December 1947: Agreement of tenancy E B Britten to Mrs June Billows monthly rent £8 6s 8d
29th October 1953: Redemption of Tithe annuities £3 15s 7d
? 1955: Abstract of Title E B Britten
21st June 1955: Conveyance E B Britten to Mrs P M Terry for £2850
10th August 1955: Redemption of land tax certificate £1:7:6
10th June 1968: Memorandum of agreement, land acquisition for new footpath.
Insurance policies
22nd June 1801: Norwich Union, mill, gear, buildings, stock in trade, dwelling house and chattels £550, premium 1 guinea.
3rd January 1883: Atlas Assurance Co, all as above £540, premium £1/16/6.
10th January 1940: Norwich Union, house and contents £2000, premium £3:5:9. Policy endorsed to say Britten living in America.
24th June 1956: Law Fire Insurance Society, house and contents £3500, premium £4/12/6
LIST OF FORMER OWNERS OF THE MILL
possibly in Snape churchyard? | ||
1700's | Elizabeth Paulson | no |
Thomas Smith | no | |
John Aldrich | no | |
Samuel Aldrich | no | |
1800’s | Philip Fenton | 1816: 79 years; 1817: 11 weeks; 1834: 64 years |
William Fenton (William Hambling Fenton?) | 1832: 59 years; 1835: 10 years | |
William Ship | no | |
Mary Ship | no | |
Frederick Steele | no | |
John Chenery | 1861: 67 years | |
Hannah Chenery (wife of the above) | no | |
? | Abraham Abbott (of the fowl-house dispute family? — but this was in 1872) — 1867: 29 years | |
Joseph Lee | 1879: 39 years | |
Emma Jane Lee (his wife) | no | |
1897 on | Harry Hudson | 1935: 74 years |
Susannah Hudson | 1939: 78 years |
enlarged detail from 1950s ©Ordnance Survey 1" map, still showing the site of Markin's Mill